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Presidential Medal of Freedom

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"Medal of Freedom" redirects here. For other uses, see Medal of Freedom (disambiguation).
Presidential Medal of Freedom
The award's miniature medal
TypeCivilian award
Awarded forAny reason as determined by the president[1]
CountryUnited States
Presented byPresident of the United States
First awardedDecember 6, 1963 (December 6, 1963)[2]
Total recipients652 (an average of fewer than 11 per year since 1963)
Service ribbons of the award
(at left: Medal with Distinction)
Precedence
Next (higher)None
EquivalentCongressional Gold Medal
Next (lower)Presidential Citizens Medal

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian award of the United States, alongside the Congressional Gold Medal. It is an award bestowed by decision of the president of the United States to "any person recommended to the President for award of the Medal or any person selected by the President upon his own initiative,"[3] and was created to recognize people who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to (1) the security or national interests of the United States, or (2) world peace, or (3) cultural or other significant public or private endeavors."[4] The award is not limited to U.S. citizens, and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform. It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, superseding the Medal of Freedom that was initially established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service.

Occasionally, the medal award is further denoted as, "with distinction." There are no specific criteria for receiving the award with distinction; Executive Order 11085 simply specifies that the award should come in two degrees, and hence any decision to award the higher degree is entirely at the discretion of the president. In 2017, President Barack Obama stated that receiving the award with distinction indicates "an additional level of veneration"[5] in a class of individuals already held in the highest esteem. As of June 2024, the medal has been awarded with distinction at least 55 times, amounting to approximately 8% of all awards.[6]

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the supreme civilian decoration that can be awarded in discretion of the president, whereas its predecessor, the Medal of Freedom, was inferior in precedence to the Medal for Merit; the Medal of Freedom was awarded by any of three Cabinet secretaries, whereas the Medal for Merit was awarded by the president, as is the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[7]

Overview

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President John F. Kennedy established the presidential version of the decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085 (signed February 22, 1963), with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige.[8][9] It was the first U.S. civilian neck decoration and, if awarded with Distinction, is the only U.S. sash and star decoration (the Chief Commander degree of the Legion of Merit—which may only be awarded to foreign heads of state—is a star decoration but without a sash). The executive order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president,[7] but it has not been awarded every year (e.g., 2001, 2010). The recipient selection process is not made public, but the Trump administration stated that it included recommendations and nominations from the public, Cabinet, White House senior staff, and other presidential advisory bodies, which were then vetted prior to presentation to the President.[10] The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a major source of such recommendations.[8]

The medal may be awarded to an individual more than once. Colin Powell received two awards, his second being with Distinction;[11] Ellsworth Bunker received both of his awards with Distinction. It may also be awarded posthumously; examples include John F. Kennedy, Steve Jobs, Pope John XXIII, Lyndon Johnson, John Wayne, Paul "Bear" Bryant, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez, Walter Reuther, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, Harvey Milk, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Elouise Cobell, Grace Hopper,[12] Antonin Scalia, Elvis Presley and Babe Ruth.[13] Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, civil rights workers murdered in 1964, were awarded their medals in 2014, 50 years later.

In 1970, President Richard Nixon awarded the medal to the entire Apollo 13 mission operations team, as well as to the mission's crew.[14]

Athlete and activist Simone Biles is the youngest person to receive this award at the age of 25.[15]

Insignia

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Medal and accoutrements, including the service ribbon, miniature and lapel badge
The Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction,
as worn with white tie

The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from the Great Seal of the United States) within a golden ring. Golden bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a blue ribbon having white edge stripes. Women may choose to receive the award as a bow worn on the left chest (as for Margaret Thatcher).

A special and rarely granted award, called the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction,[16] has a larger version of the same badge, which is worn as a star on the left chest. It comes with a sash that is worn over the right shoulder (similarly to the Grand Cross of an order of chivalry), with its rosette (blue with a white edge, bearing the central disc of the badge at its center) resting on the left hip. When the medal with Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented hanging from a neck ribbon and can be identified by its size, which is larger than the standard badge.

In addition to the full-size insignia, the award is accompanied by a service ribbon for wear on military service uniforms,[17] a miniature medal pendant for wear on mess dress or civilian formal wear, and a lapel badge for wear on civilian clothes, all of which comes in the full presentation set. There is a silver bald eagle with spread wings on the miniature and service ribbon, or a golden bald eagle for a medal awarded with Distinction.

The Insignia was designed by the Army's Institute of Heraldry, led by Col. Harry Downing Temple.[18]

Revocation

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There is no process for the award to be revoked. This issue has been raised regarding certain recipients, in particular regarding the award given to actor and comedian Bill Cosby.[19]

Recipients

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Main article: List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Executive Order 11515, signed March 13, 1970; Federal Register 35 FR 4543. "The President may select for the award of the Medal any person recommended to the President for award of the Medal or any person selected by the President upon his own initiative."
  2. ^ "Presidential Medal of Freedom ] Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica". 11 July 2024.
  3. ^ "Executive Order 11515—Terminating Certain Bodies Established by the President | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  4. ^ "Executive Order 11085—The Presidential Medal of Freedom | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  5. ^ Ovenden, Olivia (2017-01-13). "The Internet's Teary Reactions To Obama And Biden's Last Public Display Of Bromance". Esquire. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  6. ^ Leubsdorf, Ben (2024-05-03). Presidential Medal of Freedom (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  7. ^ a b "Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". U.S. Senate. November 17, 2015. Archived from the original on July 14, 2004. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Executive Order 11085, signed February 22, 1960; Federal Register 28.
  9. ^ "President Kennedy's Executive Order 11085: Presidential Medal of Freedom". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  10. ^ Vazquez, Maegan (24 October 2019). "How Trump picks his Medal of Freedom honorees". CNN.
  11. ^ Clinton, W. J. (September 30, 1993). "Remarks on the Retirement of General Colin Powell in Arlington, Virginia". The American Presidency Project; University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved July 5, 2023. In recognition of your legacy and service, of your courage and accomplishment, today, General Powell, I was honored to present you with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with distinction. I want to tell all those here in attendance that this was the second Medal of Freedom you have received, the first from President Bush in 1991. And today, you became only the second American citizen in the history of the Republic to be the recipient of two Medals of Freedom.
  12. ^ "President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom" (Press release). The White House. November 16, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2023 – via National Archives and Records Administration.
  13. ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica. "Trump to award Medal of Freedom to Elvis, Babe Ruth, among others". CNN. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  14. ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (n.d.). "Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team in Houston". The American Presidency Project.
  15. ^ Kindelan, Katie (July 7, 2022). "Simone Biles awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom". ABC News. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  16. ^ Torreon, Barbara Salazar (March 31, 2004). A Guide to Major Congressional and Presidential Awards (PDF). Vol. RS20884. Library of Congress; Congressional Research Service. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011 – via USAF Air University. There are two degrees of the Medal, the higher being the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction.
  17. ^ "5301 - 5319 Awards".
  18. ^ Gouger, Sarah; Katz Smith, Laura (September 1998). "Harry Downing Temple Jr., Papers, 1872-2004 MS.1988.039". Archival Resources of the Virginias. Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  19. ^ Smith, David (January 7, 2016). "Congressmen push to strip Bill Cosby of presidential medal of freedom". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
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